香蕉直播

The first-ever global nitrogen footprint, encompassing 188 countries, has found the United States, China, India and Brazil are responsible for 46 percent of the world鈥檚 nitrogen emissions.

The international collaboration, led by the University of Sydney鈥檚 team, found developing countries tend to embody large amounts of nitrogen emissions from their exports of food, textiles and clothing.聽Australia is one of the few wealthy nations that is a net exporter of nitrogen, because of the substantial agriculture industry.

The economic modelling, which grouped the nitrogen footprint into top-ranking bilateral trade relationships, noted a trend for increased nitrogen production and found developed nations largely responsible for emissions abroad for their own consumption.

PhD candidate Ms , who co-authored the paper with University of Sydney colleagues Professor and Dr , as well as two researchers from and one from Kyushu University in Japan,聽said significant nitrogen net importers were almost exclusively developed economies.

鈥淗igh-income nations are responsible for more than 10 times the emissions of the poorest nations,鈥� Ms Malik said. 鈥淭his reflects greater consumption of animal products, highly processed foods and energy-intensive goods and services,鈥�

The vast bulk of emissions came from industries such as agriculture, transport and energy generation. Emissions from consumers-end use were mostly from sewage.

A paper on the research is published today by the international journal .

Findings of the research of 2010 data includes:

• Consumption in the United States, China, India and Brazil is responsible for 46 percent of global nitrogen emissions.
• Japan and other developed nations import reactive nitrogen embodied in Chinese-made clothing as well as US and Australian meat.聽
• The United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, and France exchange significant amounts of nitrogen emissions embodied in food products.聽
• Hong Kong鈥檚 nitrogen imports are primary agricultural and raw food products because it lacks land to produce its own livestock and crops.
• Developing countries such as China, India, Pakistan, and Thailand embody large amounts of nitrogen emissions into their exports of textiles and clothing.聽
• High-income exceptions are Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina, which export significant nitrogen embodied in livestock products.
• Per-capita nitrogen emission ranged from more than 100 kg annually for wealthy nations such as Hong Kong and Luxembourg, to less than 7 kg for developing nations such as Papua New Guinea, C么te d鈥橧voire, and Liberia.
• Of the 189 teragrams of nitrogen emitted worldwide in 2010, 161 Tg was emitted from industries and agriculture and only 28 Tg was emitted by consumers.