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The results of this work are published in the December issue of the international research journal , the result of a global collaboration by scientists at the University of Sydney and the University of Copenhagen.

By measuring proteins directly in human muscles using cutting-edge technology called mass spectrometry, the researchers discovered that each person has their own unique 鈥榝ingerprint鈥� of protein activities.

The method they have developed identifies changes to proteins that differ across study participants in the same way that sugar absorption does.

Using this method, they uncovered a mechanism by which exercise increases the uptake of sugar into muscles following insulin stimulation, providing new understanding into this complex process.

鈥淲e all know that exercise is good for us, but it also helps to prevent specific diseases. For example, it improves the ability of our muscles to absorb sugar from the blood following a meal,鈥� said senior co-author Professor David James, ARC Laureate and Leonard P. Ullmann Chair of Metabolic Systems Biology at the听Charles Perkins Centre听and the University鈥檚听Faculty of Medicine and Health听and听Faculty of Science.

鈥淲hen this process fails, it is called 鈥榩rediabetes鈥� 鈥� a risk factor for many diseases including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancers. Researchers don鈥檛 know what causes prediabetes, but if they did, they could design drugs to treat this condition before it triggers disease.鈥�

Sugar absorption by muscle is carried out by a collection of molecular machines called proteins.

This process begins with the binding of the small protein insulin to other proteins 鈥� receptors 鈥� on the surface of fat and muscle cells. This triggers a cascade of thousands of protein signals inside the cell 鈥� a process termed 鈥榩hosphorylation鈥�. Ultimately these phosphorylation signals open protein 鈥渄oors鈥�, bringing sugar into the cells.

Currently we know that in prediabetes many of these signals are defective, but we don鈥檛 know which ones are most important to fix.

Elise Needham, PhD candidate at the University of Sydney and lead author of the study, said a key challenge has been in the complexity of phosphorylation.

听鈥淓xercise involves thousands of changes to phosphorylation signals, and we do not know which are the most important for regulating the beneficial effects of exercise,鈥� said Ms Needham.

鈥淭o tackle this challenge, we developed a method called 鈥榩ersonalised phosphoproteomics鈥�.鈥�

Using this approach, the team uncovered a new mechanism by which human muscle cells coordinate the response to exercise and insulin.

鈥淒ifferences between individuals means that there is considerable biological variation in phosphorylation 鈥� like a molecular 鈥榝ingerprint鈥�,鈥� said senior co-author Dr. Sean Humphrey, at the Charles Perkins Centre.

鈥淭his reduces the likelihood of identifying the most important responses. Instead of viewing this as an obstacle, we used it to our advantage鈥�.

The researchers also believe the technology can help identify other important molecular switches. For example, in the future, personalised phosphoproteomics will enable the comparison of diseased cells with healthy cells, helping to uncover the causes of complex disease.

Sydney Mass Spectrometry, where the mass spectrometry studies for the research was performed is part of the University鈥檚 core research facilities and is based at the Charles Perkins Centre.

Declaration: 听This research was performed in collaboration between researchers from the University of Sydney (Elise Needham, Prof. David James, Dr. Sean Humphrey), the University of Copenhagen, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (Prof. J酶rgen Wojtaszewski, Dr. Janne Hingst), and Pfizer Inc (Dr. Christian Pehm酶ller). The study received industry and government funding including from Pfizer Inc. Refer to the paper for full details. International collaborator Christian Pehm酶ller was an employee of Pfizer during the study. The other authors declare no competing interests.